On the night of October 28, 2025, Israel initiated a new wave of air and ground attacks across Gaza, citing a breach of the Trump-brokered ceasefire signed earlier that month.
According to Israeli authorities, Hamas facilitated attacks in southern Gaza that left one Israeli soldier dead and allegedly returned an empty coffin instead of the remains of a deceased hostage,  a violation of the agreement’s key terms. 

Gaza’s Civil Defense Agency reported heavy civilian casualties, including women and children, reigniting international condemnation and humanitarian concern.  

The Trump-Brokered Ceasefire Agreement Between Israel and Hamas 

The ceasefire, brokered by former U.S. President Donald Trump and entered into force on October 10, 2025, was hailed as a landmark truce aimed at ending a two-year-long rift.
Its main provisions included: 

Despite its ambitious framework, critics warned of its structural fragility and lack of inclusivity in the negotiation process.

What Triggered the Renewed Violence? Inside the Alleged Breach of Truce

The latest escalation followed Israeli claims that Hamas had violated ceasefire terms through an orchestrated attack and deceptive prisoner-exchange gesture.
Hamas, in contrast, denied the allegations and accused Israel of provoking renewed violence to justify continued occupation.
The finger-pointing has undermined trust in the fragile peace and reignited fears of a full-scale conflict in Gaza.

Humanitarian Crisis Deepens: Civilian Toll Mounts in Gaza

Gaza’s Civil Defense Agency confirmed that Israeli strikes hit residential buildings and the Bureij refugee camp in central Gaza. Early estimates suggest dozens killed, many of them women and children, while hundreds more were injured or displaced.
International humanitarian organizations have warned that access to food, water, and medicine remains critically limited amid the ongoing bombardment.

Stakeholder Reactions: Global Powers Respond to Israel–Hamas Ceasefire Collapse

Israel: “A Duty to Defend”

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu defended the military response, saying Israel was “ethically and morally bound” to protect its citizens.
IDF Chief Lt. Gen. Herzi Halevi reiterated that the army “shall not relent” in defending Israeli sovereignty (Times of Israel).

Hamas: “Israel Violated the Deal First”

Hamas accused Israel of breaking the truce, warning that further escalation would halt hostage releases and deepen the humanitarian catastrophe.

United States: Cautious Endorsement of Israel’s Response

U.S. Vice President JD Vance stated that “small skirmishes” were inevitable but insisted that the Trump peace deal remains the only viable path to lasting peace.
Washington emphasized Israel’s right to respond while urging both sides to avoid all-out war.

United Nations: Alarm Over Renewed Violence

U.N. Spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric expressed “grave concern” that renewed attacks could stall peace progress and deepen Gaza’s humanitarian disaster.
 
Ceasefire Prospects: Why the Trump Peace Deal Is Facing Collapse

Data from the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) paints a bleak picture:
 

Analysts say the ceasefire’s rigid 20-point plan lacked flexibility for political realities. While
hostage exchanges and limited aid deliveries occurred, trust deficits and unresolved issues made the deal inherently unstable.
 
Unresolved Issues Threatening Peace
 
Experts highlight three core disputes that could doom the agreement:
 

Until these are addressed with mutual verification, peace remains more illusion than promise.
 
Promise or Illusion: Is Trump’s Gaza Peace Deal Built to Last?
The Trump ceasefire was celebrated as a turning point, but is now seen as politically one-sided.
Analysts at the Arab Center Washington DC note that the deal was framed as an ultimatum to Hamas rather than a mutual negotiation, undermining long-term legitimacy.
While limited successes,  such as partial hostage release, have occurred, disarmament and troop withdrawal remain largely unimplemented.

The Future of Peace in the Middle East: Lessons from a Fragile Ceasefire

The conflict’s persistence suggests that neither Hamas nor Israel alone determines the outcome.
Peace depends on sincere implementation, regional cooperation, and balanced diplomacy.
The Trump Administration continues to claim that the “core foundations of the deal remain solid”, but skepticism prevails among observers.

Roadmap for Action: Pathways Toward a Lasting Resolution
 

Genuine Commitment as the Key to Lasting Peace
 
The October 2025 escalation demonstrates how quickly optimism can evaporate in the Middle East.
Unless both parties and the global mediators commit to transparent, enforceable mechanisms, any ceasefire will remain a temporary pause rather than a path to resolution.
The world now watches to see whether the Trump-brokered deal becomes a blueprint for durable peace or another missed opportunity in Gaza’s long history of conflict.